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How to prevent the PID effect with KACO new energy inverters. Every PV string connected to a single- or a multi-MPPT inverter is subject to the PID effect, even though PV panel manufacturers protect their modules from this effect. The
The Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) serves as a central hub convening energy professionals from around the world to share ideas and innovations, discuss, debate, and build consensus around the most pressing topics facing
may seem a bit counter-intuitive, as the respective policy in- ment costs for new PV systems, and the value of the electricity. produced, the latter being affected by both
A government-appointed panel is considering allowing commonly used cough and cold medicines, antacids, and fever-reducing drugs to be sold over the counter (OTC) at general stores in India. While countries like Britain,
In a study in Sweden of 16 drugs switched from prescription to over-the-counter status, over-the-counter availability was associated with a 36 percent increase in drug sales. 7
However, according to Stargardt et al. , the deregulation of the price of OTC medicines did not lead to lower prices 2 years after the liberalisation in Germany, suggesting that competition was not in prices but rather in services. Furthermore, the number of European countries allowing non-pharmacy retail to sell OTC medicines is increasing.
The liberalisation of the distribution of OTC medicines is usually driven by policymakers stating that such a policy will bring a reduction in prices, as well as increase accessibility and competition. However, the existent literature provides mixed results.
We acknowledge that such convergence should be achieved within the two main groups, countries, where pharmacies have the monopoly of dispensing OTC medicines, and countries, where non-pharmacy retail is widely spread and is allowed to dispense OTC medicines.
The restriction or lack of restriction of the establishment of pharmacies does have an impact on the accessibility of OTC medicines in countries, where non-pharmacy retail is not allowed, an example of their impact of them can be found in Barbarisi et al. .
The regulatory framework of the distribution channels of OTC medicines in European countries was reviewed by Vogler and Oleszkiewicz et al. , both papers classifying the European countries into three groups. The first group includes countries, where the distribution is monopolised by community pharmacies.
In addition, these items were also employed in the cluster analysis. Pharmacy ownership is mainly private, and in the majority of countries, OTC medicines are not subject to any pricing system. Almost every country studied allows online selling of OTC medicines, and 16 countries allow non-pharmacy retail to sell OTC medicines as well.
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